Israel's role in South Sudan under scrutiny amid violence

Netanyahu has been forging alliances across Africa in an effort he says will help blunt Palestinian diplomatic initiatives against Israel at the United Nations.

But critics says these new ties – illustrated by Netanyahu's high-profile visit to several African countries in July – have come without regard for the human rights records of those allies.

Such concerns have been magnified by Israel's close ties to South Sudan, whose government has used Israeli arms and surveillance equipment to crack down on its opponents.

Critics say Israel's global arms export policies lack transparency and proper oversight, and ignore the receiving country's intended use.

Critics say Israel's global arms export policies lack transparency and proper oversight, and ignore the receiving country's intended use

"It is the role of the prime minister, the defence minister and the foreign minister to look out for Israel's interests. But this has a limit: not at any cost and not with everyone," said Tamar Zandberg, an Israeli opposition lawmaker who has filed a court appeal to halt Israeli sales of sensitive technology to South Sudan.

Israel has long viewed South Sudan as an important ally and a counterweight to neighbouring Sudan's support for Palestinian militants.

Israel was one of the first countries to recognise South Sudan's independence in 2011, and South Sudanese leader Salva Kiir visited Israel months later.

Since South Sudan descended into civil war in 2013, some 50,000 people have been killed and two million have been displaced.

Since South Sudan descended into civil war in 2013, some 50,000 people have been killed and two million have been displaced

In July, hundreds died when fighting erupted in the capital, Juba.

South Sudanese troops went on a nearly four-hour rampage at a hotel, killing a local journalist while forcing others to watch, raping several foreign women, and looting the compound, several witnesses told The Associated Press.

Just days earlier, Netanyahu had travelled to four African countries – Uganda, Kenya, Rwanda and Ethiopia – in a visit meant to cultivate new allies in his diplomatic battle with the Palestinians. It was the first visit to sub-Saharan Africa by a sitting Israeli prime minister in nearly three decades.

During the visit, he convened a summit with seven regional leaders, including Kiir – nearly all of whom have been criticized by rights watchdogs for alleged abuses.

Just days earlier, Netanyahu had travelled to four African countries – Uganda, Kenya, Rwanda and Ethiopia – in a visit meant to cultivate new allies in his diplomatic battle with the Palestinians

Kenyan President Uhuru Kenyatta has been charged by the International Criminal Court with crimes against humanity for his role in stoking ethnic violence, charges that were later withdrawn, with the prosecutor accusing Kenya of blocking her investigation.

Ugandan President Yoweri Museveni, 71, has served for 30 years and is trying to change the constitution so he can effectively extend his rule for life.

Rwandan President Paul Kagame has been dogged by allegations of human rights abuses in neighbouring Democratic Republic of Congo and criticised by rights groups for being an authoritarian ruler.

A UN report in January said Israeli surveillance equipment was being used by South Sudanese intelligence, allowing it to intercept communications in a "significantly enhanced" crackdown on government opponents.

The report also found that an Israeli automatic rifle known as the Micro Galil is "present in larger numbers than before the outbreak of the conflict."

According to the report, Israel sold the rifles to Uganda in 2007, which transferred the weapons to South Sudan's National Security Service in 2014. According to the report, Israel said it didn't receive a request from Uganda for the transfer.

Eitay Mack, an Israeli lawyer working with Zandberg, the opposition lawmaker, said weapons export licences require knowledge of end users and mid users – meaning the transfer would either have been done with Israel's knowledge or would have prompted an investigation into the offending company.

He said no investigation was known to have been opened.

The UN report said Israeli ACE rifles were used in a massacre that targeted Nuer citizens in Juba in 2013.

Zandberg said Israel stopped sending firearms to South Sudan in 2013 but that export licences for the surveillance equipment continue. The Israeli Defence Ministry did not respond to requests for comment.

Israeli Foreign Ministry spokesman Emmanuel Nahshon said Israel is "extremely satisfied with our renewed relations with many African countries and Israel does not interfere in those countries' internal affairs."

Israeli Foreign Ministry spokesman Emmanuel Nahshon said Israel is 'extremely satisfied with our renewed relations with many African countries and Israel does not interfere in those countries' internal affairs

He rejected criticism of the Israeli outreach, suggesting Israel was being unfairly singled out. The United States and other Western countries also consider many African countries important allies.

The European Union has placed an arms embargo on South Sudan, and following the outbreak of violence, the US. imposed sanctions on top military officials from both sides of the conflict.

In August, the UN Security Council approved an additional regional protection force to enter South Sudan, but decided against an arms embargo on the country.

"Even without an international arms embargo, states should unilaterally suspend arms transfers given the likelihood that arms would be used to commit human rights violations," said Elizabeth Deng, Amnesty International's South Sudan researcher.

Zandberg and Mack asked Israel's Supreme Court in May to force Israel to explain why it has continued export licenses for the surveillance system to South Sudan.

Reflecting Israel's typically opaque approach to such transfers, the Defense Ministry asked for a gag order to be imposed on the proceedings. A hearing is scheduled later this month.

Zandberg is also seeking to change Israel's weapons export oversight law, which she says does not adequately ensure that Israeli arms don't end up in troubled countries.

The law states that Israel shall not supply weapons to any country under a Security Council arms embargo.

But the council can often be slow to act, and Zandberg wants Israel's Foreign Ministry to have clout in determining whether it should allow arms transfers.

A 2013 report by Israel's state comptroller pointed to "shortcomings, some of them significant," in export oversight, including a lack of personnel to investigate possible breaches and lax enforcement of requirements for exporters.

"A country that hands out these export licences has to be accountable and to take responsibility for the (weapons') final use," Zandberg said.